Understanding Inverse Tangent (arctan)
The inverse tangent function, written as tan-1(x) or arctan(x), is the reverse of the tangent function. Given a value, it returns the angle whose tangent equals that value. The principal value range of arctan is (-90 degrees, 90 degrees) or (-pi/2, pi/2) radians.
Key Properties
Domain
The input can be any real number, from negative infinity to positive infinity.
Range
The output is always between -90 and 90 degrees (exclusive).
Special Values
arctan(0) = 0, arctan(1) = 45 deg, arctan(-1) = -45 deg.
Unit Circle
On the unit circle, arctan(v) gives the angle where the y/x ratio equals v.
Common arctan Values
- arctan(0) = 0 degrees = 0 radians
- arctan(1/sqrt(3)) = 30 degrees = pi/6 radians
- arctan(1) = 45 degrees = pi/4 radians
- arctan(sqrt(3)) = 60 degrees = pi/3 radians
- arctan(+inf) = 90 degrees = pi/2 radians
Applications
The inverse tangent function is used extensively in engineering, physics, and computer graphics. It is essential for converting between rectangular and polar coordinates, calculating angles of inclination, and determining phase angles in electrical circuits.