How to Convert Abmhos to Micromhos
To convert an electrical conductance measurement from abmhos to micromhos, multiply the conductance value by the conversion factor. Since one abmho is equal to 1015 micromhos, you can use this formula:
The conductance in micromhos is equal to the abmhos multiplied by 1015.
Using the formula: micromhos = abmhos × 1015
micromhos = 5 ab℧ × 1015 = 5.0000E+15 μ℧
Therefore, 5 abmhos equals 5.0000E+15 micromhos.
How Many Micromhos Are in a Abmho?
There are 1015 micromhos in one abmho.
What Is a Abmho?
The abmho (symbol: ab℧), also called the absiemens, is a unit of electrical conductance in the centimetre–gram–second electromagnetic system of units (CGS-EMU). One abmho equals one gigasiemens, or 109 siemens (one billion siemens). The abmho is the reciprocal of the abohm, the CGS-EMU unit of electrical resistance. Just as one abohm equals 10−9 ohms (one nanoohm), one abmho equals 109 siemens. The prefix "ab" stands for "absolute," referring to the absolute electromagnetic CGS system. The abmho is an extremely large unit of conductance. For perspective, a one-metre length of solid copper wire with a 1 cm² cross-section has a conductance of about 587 siemens, which is only about 5.87 × 10−7 abmhos. Even a superconductor with effectively infinite conductance at DC doesn't quite reach the scale implied by a single abmho. Like other CGS-EMU units, the abmho is primarily of historical interest and is rarely used in modern engineering. It appears in older physics textbooks and reference materials on electromagnetic theory. Understanding its relationship to SI units is useful for interpreting historical scientific literature.
One abmho is equal to:
- 1,000,000,000 siemens (S)
- 1012 millisiemens (mS)
- 1015 microsiemens (μS)
- 1,000,000 kilosiemens (kS)
- 1,000 megasiemens (MS)
- 1,000,000,000 mhos (℧)
- 1015 micromhos (μ℧)
- ≈ 8.99 × 1020 statmhos (st℧)
What Is a Micromho?
The micromho (symbol: μ℧) is a unit of electrical conductance equal to one millionth (10−6) of a mho, or equivalently, one millionth of a siemens. The prefix "micro" denotes a factor of 10−6. The micromho is exactly equivalent to the microsiemens (μS) and is still widely used, especially in the United States, for measuring water conductivity. Many older conductivity meters and publications express measurements in micromhos per centimetre (μmho/cm) rather than microsiemens per centimetre (μS/cm). In water treatment and analysis, conductivity measurements in micromhos or microsiemens are used to monitor total dissolved solids (TDS), assess water quality, and control treatment processes. Typical conductivity values include: ultrapure water (0.055 μmho/cm), drinking water (50–800 μmho/cm), and seawater (about 50,000 μmho/cm). The micromho is also used in geotechnical engineering and soil surveys, where the electrical conductivity of soils is measured to assess salinity, moisture content, and the presence of contaminants. These measurements are important for agricultural management, environmental monitoring, and site characterization.
One micromho is equal to:
- 0.000001 siemens (S)
- 0.001 millisiemens (mS)
- 1 microsiemens (μS)
- 10−9 kilosiemens (kS)
- 10−12 megasiemens (MS)
- 0.000001 mhos (℧)
- 10−15 abmhos (ab℧)
- ≈ 899,000 statmhos (st℧)
Understanding Electrical Conductance
Electrical conductance is a measure of how easily electric current flows through a material or component. It is the reciprocal of electrical resistance: a component with high conductance allows current to flow easily (low resistance), while one with low conductance impedes current flow (high resistance).
The SI unit of conductance is the siemens (S), defined as one ampere per volt (A/V). The siemens replaced the older unit name "mho" (ohm spelled backwards) in 1971, though both names represent the same quantity. Conductance G is related to resistance R by the simple equation: G = 1/R.
Conductance depends on the material's conductivity (σ), the cross-sectional area (A) of the conductor, and its length (L): G = σA/L. Materials with high conductivity, such as copper and silver, are used as electrical conductors, while materials with low conductivity, such as rubber and glass, are used as insulators.
Measurement Systems
Three main unit systems are used for electrical conductance:
- SI (International System): Uses the siemens and its metric prefixes (μS, mS, kS, MS). This is the modern standard used worldwide in science and engineering.
- MKS/Practical: Uses the mho and micromho, which are older names for the siemens and microsiemens. These units are still commonly encountered, especially in American engineering practice.
- CGS-EMU (Electromagnetic): Uses the abmho (= 109 S), a very large unit from the electromagnetic CGS system.
- CGS-ESU (Electrostatic): Uses the statmho (≈ 1.112 × 10−12 S), a very small unit from the electrostatic CGS system.
Conductance vs. Conductivity
It is important to distinguish between conductance and conductivity:
- Conductance (G): A property of a specific component or sample, measured in siemens (S). It depends on the material, geometry, and temperature.
- Conductivity (σ): An intrinsic property of a material, measured in siemens per metre (S/m). It is independent of the sample's size or shape.
For a uniform conductor, conductance is related to conductivity by: G = σ × A / L, where A is the cross-sectional area and L is the length.
Practical Applications
- Water quality testing: Conductivity in μS/cm or mS/cm indicates dissolved mineral content and water purity
- Electronics: Component conductance in siemens or millisiemens is used in circuit analysis and design
- Power systems: Admittance (complex conductance) in siemens is used for power flow analysis and fault calculations
- Materials science: Metal conductivity in MS/m characterizes how well materials conduct electricity
- Soil science: Electrical conductivity in mS/cm assesses soil salinity for agriculture
- Medical diagnostics: Bioimpedance measurements use conductance to estimate body composition
Tips for Electrical Conductance Conversions
- For SI prefix conversions (S, mS, μS, kS, MS), each step is a factor of 1,000. Moving from a larger unit to a smaller one means multiplying by 1,000 for each prefix step.
- The siemens and the mho are exactly equal (1 S = 1 ℧). Similarly, the microsiemens and micromho are exactly equal (1 μS = 1 μ℧). These are just different names for the same units.
- The abmho is an extremely large unit: 1 ab℧ = 109 S = 1 gigasiemens. Most practical conductance values are a tiny fraction of an abmho.
- The statmho is an extremely small unit: 1 st℧ ≈ 1.112 × 10−12 S ≈ 1.112 picosiemens. Most practical conductance values are billions of statmhos.
- CGS units (abmhos, statmhos) are rarely used in modern practice. If you encounter them in older literature, use the conversion factors: 1 ab℧ = 109 S and 1 S ≈ 8.99 × 1011 st℧.
- To convert conductance to resistance, take the reciprocal: R (ohms) = 1 / G (siemens). For example, 0.5 S = 1/0.5 = 2 Ω.
- Water conductivity is typically expressed in μS/cm or mS/cm. To convert between them: 1 mS/cm = 1,000 μS/cm. Pure water has about 0.055 μS/cm, while seawater has about 50,000 μS/cm (50 mS/cm).
Abmhos to Micromhos Conversion Table
The following table shows conversions from abmhos to micromhos.
| Abmhos | Micromhos (μ℧) |
|---|---|
| 1.0000E-14 ab℧ | 10 |
| 2.0000E-14 ab℧ | 20 |
| 3.0000E-14 ab℧ | 30 |
| 4.0000E-14 ab℧ | 40 |
| 5.0000E-14 ab℧ | 50 |
| 6.0000E-14 ab℧ | 60 |
| 7.0000E-14 ab℧ | 70 |
| 8.0000E-14 ab℧ | 80 |
| 9.0000E-14 ab℧ | 90 |
| 1.0000E-13 ab℧ | 100 |
| 2.0000E-13 ab℧ | 200 |
| 3.0000E-13 ab℧ | 300 |
| 4.0000E-13 ab℧ | 400 |
| 5.0000E-13 ab℧ | 500 |
| 6.0000E-13 ab℧ | 600 |
| 7.0000E-13 ab℧ | 700 |
| 8.0000E-13 ab℧ | 800 |
| 9.0000E-13 ab℧ | 900 |
| 1.0000E-12 ab℧ | 1,000 |
| 2.0000E-12 ab℧ | 2,000 |
| 3.0000E-12 ab℧ | 3,000 |
| 4.0000E-12 ab℧ | 4,000 |
| 5.0000E-12 ab℧ | 5,000 |
| 6.0000E-12 ab℧ | 6,000 |
| 7.0000E-12 ab℧ | 7,000 |
| 8.0000E-12 ab℧ | 8,000 |
| 9.0000E-12 ab℧ | 9,000 |
| 1.0000E-11 ab℧ | 10,000 |